Graphene oxide (GO)-based nanosheets with combined chemo/photothermal/photodynamic therapy to overcome gastric cancer (GC) paclitaxel resistance by reducing mitochondria-derived adenosine-triphosphate (ATP)

Abstract Background Paclitaxel (PTX) has been suggested to be a promising front-line drug for gastric cancer (GC), while P-glycoprotein (P-gp) could lead resistance by pumping PTX out of GC cells. Consequently, it might hopeful way combat inhibiting the out-pumping function P-gp. Results In this study, we developed delivery system incorporating onto polyethylene glycol (PEG)-modified and oxidized sodium alginate (OSA)-functionalized graphene oxide (GO) nanosheets (NSs), called PTX@GO-PEG-OSA. Owing pH/thermal-sensitive release properties, PTX@GO-PEG-OSA induced more obvious antitumor effects on GC, compared free PTX. With near infrared (NIR)-irradiation, generate excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS), attack mitochondrial respiratory chain complex enzyme, reduce adenosine-triphosphate (ATP) supplement P-gp, effectively inhibit P-gp’s efflux pump function. Since that, achieved better therapeutic effect PTX-resistant without evident toxicity. Conclusions conclusion, serve as desirable strategy reverse PTX’s resistance, combined with chemo/photothermal/photodynamic therapy. Graphic